Peningkatan Efisiensi Pemupukan Nitrogen Tanaman Padimelalui Pupuk Lepas Lambat (Increasing the Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization in Rice throughSlow-Release Fertilizers)
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Abstract
Nitrogen (N) sebagai hara penting dalam pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman. N mudah larut dalam air sehingga mudah tersedia bagi tanaman, tetapi bersifat volatil sehingga mudah hilang jika tidak diserap di dalam tanah. Pemupukan N merupakan cara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hara tanaman karena kandungan N yang ada di tanah tidak cukup. Namun demikian, penggunaan pupuk N yang berlebihan memiliki dampak serius terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan pupuk N yang efisien sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan produksi padi. Artikel ini membahas jenis pupuk lepas lambat dan bahan pelapisnya, serta penggunaan pupuk N lepas lambat yang terbukti efektif meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan N dan hasil panen. Pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat merupakan pupuk yang memiliki laju pelepasan yang lebih rendah dibanding pupuk urea konvensional. Pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu yang memiliki kelarutan rendah, dan pupuk yang dilapisi dengan bahan tertentu. Bahan pelapis dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga jenis, yaitu berupa bahan organik, non-organik, dan biopolimer. Hasil- hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan N dan juga hasil gabah. Peningkatan ini berkaitan dengan meningkatnya serapan N oleh tanaman dan juga penurunan kehilangan N. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat menjadi alternatif cara untuk diterapkan pada budidaya tanaman padi yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan.
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and yield. N is very soluble in water, thereby it is easily available to plants, but it is volatile, making it easily lost if not absorbed by the soil. N fertilization is a way to fulfill plant nutrient needs when the N content in the soil is not sufficient. However, excessive use of N fertilizer has serious environmental impacts. Therefore, efficient use of N fertilizer is crucial to optimize rice production. This article reviewed types of slow-release fertilizer and coating materials, as well as the use of slow-release N fertilizer, which has been proven effective in increasing N use efficiency and crop yields. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a fertilizer that has a lower release rate than conventional urea fertilizer. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer consists of two groups, namely those with low solubility and fertilizers coated with certain materials. Coating materials can be classified into three types: organic, inorganic, and biopolymer materials. Research results showed that the use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield. This increase was related to increased N uptake by plants and also reduced N loss. Therefore, the application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is an alternative way to be applied to rice cultivation, which is more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
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