Evaluasi Keunggulan Relatif Pertanian Organik dan Non-Organik
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Abstract
Para pendukung (supporter) mempromosikan berbagai keunggulan pertanian organik dalam
menyediakan bahan pangan bagi umat manusia di bumi ini secara lebih berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini memiliki premis bahwa pertanian non-organik (yang rancu disebut sebagai pertanian konvensional) juga memiliki keunggulan relatif dibandingkan pertanian organik, sehingga argumen yang menyatakan bahwa seluruh pertanian non-organik perlu diubah menjadi pertanian organik adalah tidak tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan premis tersebut dengan mengevaluasi beberapa aspek kritis yang sering menjadi perdebatan, yaitu kebutuhan lahan, keanekaragaman hayati, kualitas air, degradasi lahan, analisis siklus lingkungan hidup, dan perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan literatur terhadap 151 penelitian mengenai pertanian non-organik dan organik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanian non-organik memiliki keuntungan relatif dan dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan, sehingga dapat menghindari bahaya dan/atau kerusakan akibat mengejar produktivitas yang tinggi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa manajemen yang baik tampaknya akan lebih menentukan bagaimana sifat dampak pertanian pada lingkungan. Manajemen pertanian yang baik akan lebih berkontribusi pada lingkungan dan umat manusia dibandingkan ideologi pertanian yang ekstrem, seperti intensif memanfaatkan bahan kimia (tetapi kurang bijaksana) atau tidak memanfaatkan bahan kimia sama sekali.
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